Devi Charan

 Thermodynamics uses the concepts of the isothermal process, isochoric process, isobaric process and adiabatic processes describe how a thermodynamic system behaves and its relationship to temperature changes.  An isothermal process is one that takes place when the system’s temperature remains constant but other variables such as volume and pressure can be changed accordingly. For example boiling water is an isothermal process as the temperature of the water at 100 degree Celsius even though we add heat to the system.  The term ‘adiabatic’ means isolated from surroundings. A process is called as adiabatic if It prevents heat from entering the system or leaving the system. For example a reaction that takes place in a flask is adiabatic.  Here, the temperature can change to prevent any heat transmission. This indicates that the isothermal process takes under constant temperature while the adiabatic process occurs under changing temperature. Adiabatic, Isothermal, Isobaric, and Isocho...

  Law of Equipartition of energy Whenever we study kinetic theory of gas,we usually assume that a container contains gas molecules, these gas atoms keep moving from one place to another basically it means that they creates motion and exerts pressure. So when we supply heat or energy the motion and the pressure of the molecule increase. Thus this law describes how the supplied energy is distributed among the molecules in thermal equilibrium.       Thus the Law of Equipartition of Energy is a fundamental principle in physics that describes how energy is distributed among the different degrees of freedom of a system in thermal equilibrium. According to the law of equipartition of energy, for any dynamic system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy for the system is equally divided among the degree of freedom. According to this law, in a system in thermal equilibrium, each degree of freedom (i.e. each independent way that the system can store energy)...

Law of Equi-partition of energy The law of equi-partition of energy is a principle in classical statistical mechanics that relates the temperature of a system to the average kinetic energy of its particles. According to this principle, in thermal equilibrium, each degree of freedom of a particle in a system has an average energy of kT/2, where k is Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature of the system. To understand the Law of Equipartition of Energy, first we assume that the considered gas is in thermal equilibrium and it consists of molecules of negligible size and are hard spheres. We will consider a monatomic gas and that the molecules of the gas can move randomly in the space in all directions. Let v  x , v  y  and v z  be the velocities of a gas molecule on the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. Then the translational kinetic energy of a single molecule is The number of independent terms in the expression of energy of a molecule is called its degree of...

 The first law of thermodynamics, sometimes referred to as the law of conservation of energy, holds that energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed. This implies that the overall level of energy in a closed system doesn't change. The first law is founded on the idea that energy is a fundamental quantity that can only be converted from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed. It is a fundamental tenet of physics and has several scientific and engineering applications. Application of first law of thermodynamics  This law has many applications in various fields, including: 1. Heat engines: Internal combustion engines and steam turbines are examples of heat engines whose performance is examined using the first law of thermodynamics. It aids in figuring out how much work can be produced with a specific amount of heat input. 2. Air conditioning and refrigeration: The first law of thermodynamics is used to eval...

  Principle of increase of entropy                  Figure: Temperature VS Entropy    Let a system change from state 1 to state 2 by a reversible process A and return to state 1 by another reversible process B. Then 1A2B1 is a reversible cycle. Therefore, the Clausius inequality gives: If the system is restored to the initial state from 1 to state 2 by an irreversible process C, then 1A2C1 is an irreversible cycle. Then the Clausius inequality gives: Subtracting the above equation from the first one, Since the process 2B1 is reversible, Where the equality sign holds good for a reversible process and the inequality sign holds good for an irreversible process. Now let us apply the above result to evaluate the entropy change of the universe when a system interacts with its surroundings and exchanges energy as heat with the surroundings. Let Tsur and Tsys be the temperatures of the surroundings and the system such that Tsur >Tsy...

  The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law establishes the concept of temperature and allows for the creation of a temperature scale. It is called the zeroth law because it was discovered after the first and second laws had already been established. Importance of zeroth law of thermodynamics  The zeroth law of thermodynamics is important because it establishes the concept of temperature and provides a basis for the measurement of temperature. It states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This means that temperature is a property that can be used to describe the state of a system and can be measured using a thermometer. Why is it called the zeroth law? The law deals with the concepts used for designing the thermometer. It is called the "zeroth" law   because it...

  A thermodynamic system is a region or a specific portion of the universe that is under study or observation. It is separated from its surroundings by a boundary, which may be real or imaginary. The system can exchange energy, and matter, or work with its surroundings through the boundary. They are classified based on how they interact with their surroundings. The system’s interaction with the surrounding can mainly be classified into two different ways of interaction. The interaction with the surrounding with mass transfer. Any mass can cross the system boundary or mass can enter the system or leave the system. Also, it can interact with energy. The mass is either in the system or out of the system or it can also interact with energy in the form of heat. Types of a thermodynamic system   1.      Open system. An open system is a system that can exchange mass and energy usually in the form of heat with its surroundings. The boundaries of an open syste...